Minorities and the U.S. Coast Guard

Historical Bibliography

Articles

Albertson, Robert. "Native American Heritage: Station Neah Bay Breaks Ethnic Barriers at the Turn of the Century." Commandant's Bulletin (Nov 1995), pp. 26-27.

Arbogast, Kenn. "Building Tomorrow's Service: An Interview with Personnel's Special Projects Officer [Edward R. Williams] About Minority Recruiting, Retention..." Commandant's Bulletin (Jan 1990), pp. 12-19.

Benson, Rodney J. "Romance and Story of Pea Island Station: The History of the Coast Guard's Only All-Colored Life Saving Crew Which Has Performed Fine Service on Coast." U. S. Coast Guard Magazine Vol. 6 (November, 1932), p. 52.

Boyd, Clarence. "A Negro Speaks [never encountered discrimination in Coast Guard]." Coast Guard Magazine (Jul 1946), p. 3.

Cihelka, Carolyn. "Hispanic Ties." Commandant's Bulletin (Sep 1993), pp. 17-18.

"Civil Rights Policy Statement [Department of Transportation - DOT]." Commandant's Bulletin (Jan 28 1980), p. 7.

Clark, Wendy. "The Heroes of Cape Hatteras [Pea Island]." National Parks 71, No. 1-2 (Jan/Feb 1997), pp. 26-29.

Davis, John W. "The Negro in the United States Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard." The Journal of Negro Education Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer, 1943), pp. 345-349.

Davis, Russell L. "Turn Lemons Into Lemonade: A Blueprint for Survival [CAPT Bobby Wilks]." Commandant's Bulletin #7-82 (Mar 1 1982), pp. 8-9.

Douville, Bob & John Shkor.  "Blacks and the Coast Guard Academy."  Navy Times  (Jul 22 1970), pp. 1, 10.

________.  "Blacks and the CGd [sic] Academy III: Incidents Do Occur, But No Overt Racism."  Navy Times (Aug 5 1970), p. 10.

"Enlisted Man Brings Charges of Racial Discrimination." Coast Guard Magazine (Mar 1954), pp. 2-3.

Epperson, W. Scott. "Alex Haley Crosses the Bar." Commandant's Bulletin (Apr 1992), pp. 2-5.

Ferrier, Donna L. "Cutter Named for Alex Haley." Officer Review 39, No. 3 (Oct 1999), p. 17.

"Filipino Enlistments."  Coast Guard Magazine (Jan 1930), p. 9.

"Getting His Due: CG Hero [SA William Flores of the Blackthorn] Receives Honor [Coast Guard Medal] Posthumously." Coast Guard (Dec 2000), pp. 30-33.

Gracie, James S. "Black History and the Coast Guard." Commandant's Bulletin (Feb 14 1986), p. 1.

Graham, James. "Voices From Our Past [Pea Island]." Commandant's Bulletin (Feb 1991), pp. 22-25.

"’Hell-Roaring Mike [Healy].’" Sea Power (Oct 1997), p. 46.

"Hell Roarin' Mike [Healy]." Alabama Seaport (Feb 2001), pp. 26-29.

Hill, Martin.  "Heroes of the Outer Banks [Pea Island]." The Retired Officer LIII, Vol. 8 (Aug 1997), pp. 28-32.

"Hombre Aqui Combate!!! [Pete Aguinaldo, the Filipino boxer nicknamed "The Insurrection," stationed on the CG Destroyer Trippe]." Coast Guard Magazine (Feb 1928), p. 39.

"Jacob Lawrence," Bulletin of the Museum of Modern Art, 12 No. 2 (November, 1944).

Johnson, Paul H. "Portrait of Captain Michael A. Healy, Part II." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (Mar-Apr 1979), pp. 22-23, 26-27; "Part III," (May-Jun 1979), pp. 26-30.

Lancaster, Charles. "CAPT Michael Healy 1839-1904." Commandant's Bulletin (Jul 1996), p. 5.

Langley, Harold D. "The Negro in the Navy and Merchant Service 1798-1860." Journal of Negro History 52 (Oct 1967), pp. 273-286.

Louchheim, Aline B. "[Jacob] Lawrence: Quiet Spokesman." Art News 43, No. 13 (October 15-31, 1944).

Maddry, Lawrence. "The Black Men of the Coast Guard's Pea Island Station." Virginia-Pilot (Sep 1, 1974), p. C5.

Magsumbol, Ramon. "We, Filipino Coast Guardsmen." Coast Guard Magazine (Nov 1955), pp. 5, 21.

May, Stephen. "'Wonderful Duty' [Artist Jacob Lawrence]." Naval History (Jan/Feb 1998), pp. 28-32.

McCausland, Elizabeth. "Jacob Lawrence," Magazine of Art 38, No. 7 (November, 1945), pp. 251-254.

Moreth, Ed. "Asian-Pacific Islanders." Commandant's Bulletin (May 1995), pp. 24-25.

Murphy, John F. "Portrait of Captain Michael A. Healy." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (Jan-Feb 1979), pp. 14-18.

________. "Two Standards of Judgment [Michael Healy]." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (Sep-Oct 1965), pp. 366-375.

"New York Newsmen Pay Glowing Tribute to Coast Guard's Only Chief Journalist [Alex Haley]." Coast Guard Magazine (Mar 1950), p. 34.

Noble, Dennis L. "Hell Roaring Mike [Healy]." Chief II (Mar 1976), pp. 11-13.

________. "The Makah Influence: Native Americans in the Early Coast Guard." Commandant's Bulletin (Nov 1996), pp. 18-19.

________., & Truman R. Strobridge. "'Hell Roaring Mike' On Trial." Naval History (Apr 2001), pp. 34-39.

O'Brien, T. Michael. "Black Heroes of Pea Island: Part I." Commandant's Bulletin (4 Feb 1980), pp. 5-7. 

________. "Part II," Commandant's Bulletin (11 Feb 1980), pp. 5-7.

________. "Part III," Commandant's Bulletin (18 Feb 1980), pp. 5-7.

________. "Black Lifesavers: A Brief Historical Survey of Blacks and the U.S. Lifesaving Service," chap. in U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard, Seldom Told Tales: Sketches of Blacks in the Coast Guard. Washington: U.S. Coast Guard, n.d.

Odom, Curtis. "A Historical Sketch of Blacks in the Coast Guard." Commandant's Bulletin (Feb 9 1981), pp. 8-11.

"Officers of Former Philippine Army Commissioned in U.S. Coast Guard." Coast Guard Bulletin II, 6 (Dec 1942), pp. 62-63.

O’Toole, James M. "Racial Identity and the Case of Captain Michael Healy, USRCS." Prologue Vol. 29, No. 3 (Fall 1997), pp. 190-201.

Ott, John. "Battle Station MoMA: Jacob Lawrence and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces and the Art World." American Art Vol. 29, No. 3 (Fall, 2015), pp. 58-89.

Padilla, Jose. "A Slice of Filipino History." Commandant's Bulletin (May 1995), pp. 34-35.

Patton, Vince. "SM2 Alphonzo Barbour 100-Year-Old [CG] Veteran [African-American messman who served from 1924 to 1941]." Commandant's Bulletin (Sep 1992), pp. 18-20.

Peterson, William D. "African Americans in the U.S. Life-Saving Service." Wreck & Rescue No. 4 (Spring 1997), pp. 6-9.

Reilly, Bob. "Ensign Merlee J. Smith, Jr." Negro Heritage VI (1966), pp. 2-3.

Richardson, William. "Minority Issues Revisited." Commandant's Bulletin (Aug 1989), p. 33.

"Roots [Alex Haley]." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (May-Jun 1977), pp. 27-28.

Scheina, Robert L. "Blacks in the Coast Guard: A Chronicle of Lifesaving." Commandant's Bulletin (Jan 1989), pp. 22-23, 28.

Strobridge, Truman R. "Blacks and Lights." Shipmates III (Summer 1975), pp. 14-17, 31.

________., and Joseph Greco, Jr. "Black Trailblazer [Clarence Samuels] Has Colorful Past." Fifth Dimension (3rd Quarter 1973), pp. 30-32.

________.________. ________. Commandant's Bulletin (Feb 14 1975), pp. 11-12.

________., & Michael T. O'Brien. "Blacks and Cutters." United States Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Association The Chief II (June-July 1976), pp. 13-16, 31.

Swift, Ed. "A Golden Moment: Pea Island Crew Honored for 1896 Rescue." Commandant's Bulletin (May 1996), p. 5.

Terrill, Brad. "Recruiting Targets: Coast Guard Seeks Higher Representation..." Commandant's Bulletin (Jun 1992), pp. 34-35.

Thiesen, William H. "Joseph Tezanos, Paul Perez & John Martinez: Coast Guard Officers and Pioneers of Ethnic Diversity at the Coast Guard Academy." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin 71, No. 5 (Oct 2009), pp. 340-348.

Thomson, Robin J. "Alex Haley's Life and Legacy." Commandant's Bulletin (Apr 1992), p. 4.

Tidwell, Mike. "[USS Sea Cloud, CG] 'The Best Democracy I've Known,' It Existed Aboard a Millionaire's Yacht Converted for Service in World War II, An Experiment in Integrating the Military."  American Legacy (Summer 2000), pp. 30-40.

Tilghman, Timothy.  "Celebrating Alex Haley's Legacy." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association  The Bulletin (Feb 1998), pp. 26-27.

Weatherford, Carole Boston. "The Black Lifesavers [Pea Island LSS]." American Legacy (Summer 1999), pp. 60-68.

Webster, W. Russell. "Hell-Roaring Mike's a Hero." Naval Institute Proceedings 125 (Jul 1999), pp. 68-71.

Wells, Ronald A. "Alex Haley: A Reminiscence." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (Apr 1992), pp. 6-7.

Wells, William R. "'A Blot Against Their Good Name.'" 2010 (Coast Guard Warriors: Part of the Mix website) 

________.  "Initiative Creates Opportunity [Alex Haley]." Naval History (Jul/Aug 1999), pp. 46-48.

Wilkerson, Sharon E. "Native American Heritage." Commandant's Bulletin (Nov 1995), pp. 26-27.

________. "Samuel Amalu [Hawaiian Lighthouse keeper]." Commandant's Bulletin (May 1996), p. 21.

________. "Seizing Opportunities: The Story of Olivia Hooker." Commandant's Bulletin (Feb 1996), pp. 16-17.

Williams, John E. "Black Leadership: For Change or for Status Quo?" Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (Jan/Feb 1979), pp. 40-43.

________. "The U.S. Coast Guard: A Portrait in Gray." The Crisis 85, No. 3 (1978), pp. 96-99.

Williams, Rudi. "Researcher Says That Pea Island Provides a Rare Maritime Role Model for Young Blacks." Commandant's Bulletin (Feb 1992), pp. 18-19.

Zittel, K.O.A. "Black Maria and the Early Coast Guard." Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (Nov-Dec 1965), p. 432.

Books and Government Publications
 

Bryant, Nicholas. The Bystander: John F. Kennedy and the Struggle for Black Equality. New York: Basic Books, 2006.

Carbone, Elisa.  Storm Warriors [Pea Island Life-Saving Crew].  New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.

Greene, Robert E. Black Defenders of America, 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co., 1974.

Hills, Patricia. Painting Harlem Modern: The Art of Jacob Lawrence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.

Knoblock, Glenn A. African American World War II Casualties and Decorations in the Navy, Coast Guard and Merchant Marine - A Comprehensive Record. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2009.

MacGregor, Morris J., Jr. Integration of the Armed Forces 1940-1965. Defense Studies Series. Washington: GPO, 1981.

________ & Bernard C. Nalty. Blacks in the Military Essential Documents. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981.

Mershon, Sherie & Steven L. Schlossman. Foxholes and Color Lines: Desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Nalty, Bernard C. Long Passage to Korea: Black Sailors and the Integration of the U.S. Navy. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2003. [Volume in The U.S. Navy and the Korean War series edited by Edward J. Marolda.]

________. Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

________ & Morris J. MacGregor, Jr. Blacks in the Military Essential Documents. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981.

Nelson, Dennis D. The Integration of the Negro into the U.S. Navy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951.

O'Toole, James M.  Passing for White: Race, Religion, and the Healy Family, 1820-1920.  Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.

Strobridge, Truman R. Blacks and Lights: A Brief Historical Survey of Blacks and the Old U.S. Lighthouse Service. Washington: U.S. Coast Guard Historians Office 1975.

Stover, Douglas.  Pea Island Life-Saving Station: Coast Guard Station #177: Historic Resource Study.  Cape Hatteras National Seashore: National Park Service, 2008.

Townsend, Linda E. & Dupree Davenport. The History of Blacks in the Coast Guard From 1790. Washington, DC: USCG, no date (1976?).

United States Coast Guard. African Americans in the United States Coast Guard Historic Role Models 1790-1993. Washington, DC: USCG, 1993.

United States Congress. House.  Permitting Filipinos to Become Members of Coast Guard Auxiliary and Coast Guard Reserve. H. Rp. 2491, 77^th Cong., 2^nd sess., 1942, Serial 10664.

________.________. Permitting Filipinos to Become Members of Coast Guard Auxiliary and Coast Guard Reserve. S. Rp. 1636, 77^th Cong., 2^nd sess., 1942, Serial 10659.

United States Department of Transportation. Coast Guard. Seldom Told Tales: Sketches of Blacks in the Coast Guard. Washington, D.C: U.S. Coast Guard, n.d.

Weatherford, Carole Boston.  Sink or Swim: Black Lifesavers of the Outer Banks.   Coastal Carolina Press, 1999.

Wheat, Ellen Harkins. Jacob Lawrence, American Painter. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.

Wilson, Ruth Danenhower. Jim Crow Joins Up: A Study of Negroes in the Armed Forces of the United States (Revised Edition).  New York: Press of William J. Clark, 1944. [War Edition - Produced in accordance with conservation orders of the War Production Board, second printing, 1945.]

Wright, David & David Zoby.  Fire on the Beach: Recovering the Lost Story of Richard Etheridge and the Pea Island Lifesavers.  New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

Dissertations, Theses, and Unpublished Papers

Nelson, Dennis D. "The Integration of the Negro into the United States Navy, 1776-1947." Master of Arts thesis, Howard University, 1948.

Williams, Gerald O. "Michael J. [A.] Healy and the Alaska Maritime Frontier 1880-1902." Master of Arts thesis. 2 volumes. Eugene: University of Oregon, 1987.